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00:00:00">2019-03-20</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2022-01-23T11:55:32.376Z" title="更新于 2022-01-23 19:55:32">2022-01-23</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/JavaScript/">JavaScript</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="二十、浅谈ES6中Promise解决了什么问题"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="封装-AJAX"><a href="#封装-AJAX" class="headerlink" title="封装 AJAX"></a>封装 AJAX</h1><ul>
<li>ajax 使用起来太麻烦，因为每次都要写很多的代码</li>
<li>那么我们就封装一个 ajax 方法来让我们使用起来简单一些</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="确定一下使用的方式"><a href="#确定一下使用的方式" class="headerlink" title="确定一下使用的方式"></a>确定一下使用的方式</h2><ul>
<li><p>因为有一些内容可以不传递，我们可以使用默认值，所以选择对象传递参数的方式</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 使用的时候直接调用，传递一个对象就可以</span></span><br><span class="line">ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  url: <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>, <span class="comment">// 请求的地址</span></span><br><span class="line">  type: <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>, <span class="comment">// 请求方式</span></span><br><span class="line">  data: <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>, <span class="comment">// 携带的参数</span></span><br><span class="line">  success: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;&#125;, <span class="comment">// 成功以后执行的函数</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>确定好使用方式以后，就开始书写封装函数</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="封装"><a href="#封装" class="headerlink" title="封装"></a>封装</h2><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">ajax</span>(<span class="params">options</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// 先准备一个默认值</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">var</span> defInfo = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    url: <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>, <span class="comment">// 地址不需要默认值</span></span><br><span class="line">    type: <span class="string">&quot;GET&quot;</span>, <span class="comment">// 请求方式的默认值是 GET</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">async</span>: <span class="literal">false</span>, <span class="comment">// 默认值是异步</span></span><br><span class="line">    data: <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>, <span class="comment">// 参数没有默认值</span></span><br><span class="line">    dataType: <span class="string">&quot;string&quot;</span>, <span class="comment">// 默认不需要执行 json.parse</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="title">success</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span> &#123;&#125;, <span class="comment">// 默认是一个函数</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// 先来判断一下有没有传递 url，如果没有，直接抛出异常</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span> (!options.url) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Error</span>(<span class="string">&quot;url 必须传递&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// 有了 url 以后就，我们就把用户传递的参数和我们的默认数据合并</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">for</span> (<span class="keyword">let</span> key <span class="keyword">in</span> options) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    defInfo[key] = options[key];</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="Promise"><a href="#Promise" class="headerlink" title="Promise"></a>Promise</h1><ul>
<li><code>promise</code> 是一个 ES6 的语法</li>
<li>承诺的意思，是一个专门用来解决异步 <strong>回调地狱</strong> 的问题</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="回调函数"><a href="#回调函数" class="headerlink" title="回调函数"></a>回调函数</h2><ul>
<li><p>什么是回调函数？</p>
</li>
<li><p>就是把函数 A 当作参数传递到 函数 B 中</p>
</li>
<li><p>在函数 B 中以行参的方式进行调用</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">a</span>(<span class="params">cb</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  cb();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">b</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">&quot;我是函数 b&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">a(b);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>为什么需要回调函数</p>
<ul>
<li>当我们执行一个异步的行为的时候，我们需要在一个异步行为执行完毕之后做一些事情</li>
<li>那么，我们是没有办法提前预知这个异步行为是什么时候完成的</li>
<li>我们就只能以回调函数的形式来进行</li>
<li>就比如我们刚刚封装过的那个 <code>ajax</code> 函数里面的 <code>success</code></li>
<li>我们并不知道 ajax 请求什么时候完成，所以就要以回调函数的形式来进行</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="回调地狱"><a href="#回调地狱" class="headerlink" title="回调地狱"></a>回调地狱</h2><ul>
<li><p>当一个回调函数嵌套一个回调函数的时候</p>
</li>
<li><p>就会出现一个嵌套结构</p>
</li>
<li><p>当嵌套的多了就会出现回调地狱的情况</p>
</li>
<li><p>比如我们发送三个 ajax 请求</p>
<ul>
<li>第一个正常发送</li>
<li>第二个请求需要第一个请求的结果中的某一个值作为参数</li>
<li>第三个请求需要第二个请求的结果中的某一个值作为参数</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  url: <span class="string">&#x27;我是第一个请求&#x27;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  success (res) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 现在发送第二个请求</span></span><br><span class="line">    ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">      url: <span class="string">&#x27;我是第二个请求&#x27;</span>，</span><br><span class="line">      data: &#123; <span class="attr">a</span>: res.a, <span class="attr">b</span>: res.b &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      success (res2) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 进行第三个请求</span></span><br><span class="line">        ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">          url: <span class="string">&#x27;我是第三个请求&#x27;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          data: &#123; <span class="attr">a</span>: res2.a, <span class="attr">b</span>: res2.b &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">  				success (res3) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(res3)</span><br><span class="line">          &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p><strong>回调地狱，其实就是回调函数嵌套过多导致的</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="./assets/%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%8B%B1.jpeg"></p>
<ul>
<li>当代码成为这个结构以后，已经没有维护的可能了</li>
<li>所以我们要把代码写的更加的艺术一些</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="PROMISE"><a href="#PROMISE" class="headerlink" title="PROMISE"></a>PROMISE</h2><ul>
<li><p>为了解决回调地狱</p>
</li>
<li><p>我们就要使用 promise 语法</p>
</li>
<li><p>语法：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">resolve, reject</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// resolve 表示成功的回调</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// reject 表示失败的回调</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">  .then(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">res</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 成功的函数</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">  .catch(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">err</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 失败的函数</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>promise 就是一个语法</p>
<ul>
<li>我们的每一个异步事件，在执行的时候</li>
<li>都会有三个状态，执行中 / 成功 / 失败</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>因为它包含了成功的回调函数</p>
</li>
<li><p>所以我们就可以使用 promise 来解决多个 ajax 发送的问题</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">resolve, reject</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    url: <span class="string">&quot;第一个请求&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="title">success</span>(<span class="params">res</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      resolve(res);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">  .then(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">res</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 准备发送第二个请求</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">resolve, reject</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">      ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        url: <span class="string">&quot;第二个请求&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        data: &#123; <span class="attr">a</span>: res.a, <span class="attr">b</span>: res.b &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="title">success</span>(<span class="params">res</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          resolve(res);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">  .then(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">res</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">      url: <span class="string">&quot;第三个请求&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">      data: &#123; <span class="attr">a</span>: res.a, <span class="attr">b</span>: res.b &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="function"><span class="title">success</span>(<span class="params">res</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(res);</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>这个时候，我们的代码已经改观了很多了</p>
</li>
<li><p>基本已经可以维护了</p>
</li>
<li><p>但是对于一个程序员来说，这个样子是不够的</p>
</li>
<li><p>我们还需要更加的简化代码</p>
</li>
<li><p>所以我们就需要用到一个 es7 的语法了</p>
</li>
<li><p>叫做 async/await</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="ASYNC-AWAIT"><a href="#ASYNC-AWAIT" class="headerlink" title="ASYNC/AWAIT"></a>ASYNC/AWAIT</h1><ul>
<li><p><code>async/await</code> 是一个 es7 的语法</p>
</li>
<li><p>这个语法是 <strong>回调地狱的终极解决方案</strong></p>
</li>
<li><p>语法：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">async</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">fn</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">const</span> res = <span class="keyword">await</span> promise对象;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>这个是一个特殊的函数方式</p>
</li>
<li><p>可以 await 一个 promise 对象</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>可以把异步代码写的看起来像同步代码</strong></p>
</li>
<li><p>只要是一个 promiser 对象，那么我们就可以使用 <code>async/await</code> 来书写</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">async</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">fn</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">const</span> res = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">resolve, reject</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">      url: <span class="string">&quot;第一个地址&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="function"><span class="title">success</span>(<span class="params">res</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        resolve(res);</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// res 就可以得到请求的结果</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">const</span> res2 = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">resolve, reject</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">      url: <span class="string">&quot;第二个地址&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">      data: &#123; <span class="attr">a</span>: res.a, <span class="attr">b</span>: res.b &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="function"><span class="title">success</span>(<span class="params">res</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        resolve(res);</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">const</span> res3 = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">resolve, reject</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ajax(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">      url: <span class="string">&quot;第三个地址&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">      data: &#123; <span class="attr">a</span>: res2.a, <span class="attr">b</span>: res2.b &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="function"><span class="title">success</span>(<span class="params">res</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        resolve(res);</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// res3 就是我们要的结果</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(res3);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>这样的异步代码写的就看起来像一个同步代码了</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-bullhorn card-announcement-animation"></i><span>公告</span></div><div class="announcement_content">人生就像品茗，懂得吃苦，才能回甘啊。</div></div><div class="sticky_layout"><div class="card-widget" id="card-toc"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-stream"></i><span>目录</span></div><div class="toc-content"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%85-AJAX"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">封装 AJAX</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">确定一下使用的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%85"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">封装</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#Promise"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Promise</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">回调函数</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%8B%B1"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">回调地狱</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#PROMISE"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">PROMISE</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#ASYNC-AWAIT"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">ASYNC&#x2F;AWAIT</span></a></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div class="aside-list"><div class="aside-list-item"><a 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